Examples of Informalization in English

Examples of Informalization in English In linguistics, informalization is the incorporation of aspects of intimate, personal discourse (such as colloquial language) into public forms of spoken and written communication  is called informalization. Its also called demotization. Conversationalization is a key aspect of the more general process of informalization, though the two terms are sometimes treated as synonyms. Some linguists (most notably discourse analyst Norman Fairclough) use the expression border crossing to describe what they perceive as the development in post-industrialized societies of a complex range of new social relationships, with behavior (including linguistic behaviour) . . . changing as a result (Sharon Goodman, Redesigning English, 1996). Informalization is a prime example of this transformation. Fairclough further describes informalization as such: The engineering of informality, friendship, and even intimacy entails a crossing of borders between the public and the private, the commercial and the domestic, which is partly constituted by a simulation of the discursive practices of everyday life, conversational discourse. (Norman Fairclough, Border Crossings: Discourse and Social Change in Contemporary Societies. Change and Language, ed. by H. Coleman and L. Cameron. Multilingual Matters, 1996) Characteristics of Informalization Linguistically, [informalization involves] shortened terms of address, contractions of negatives and auxiliary verbs, the use of active rather than passive sentence constructions, colloquial language and slang. It can also involve the adoption of regional accents (as opposed to say Standard English) or increased amounts of self-disclosure of private feelings in public contexts (e.g. it can be found in talk shows or in the workplace). (Paul Baker and Sibonile Ellece, Key Terms in Discourse Analysis. Continuum, 2011) Informalization and Marketization Is the English language becoming increasingly informal? The argument put forward by some linguists (such as Fairclough) is that the boundaries between language forms traditionally reserved for intimate relationships and those reserved for more formal situations are becoming blurred. . . . In many contexts, . . . the public and professional sphere is said to becoming infused with private discourse. . . . If the processes of informalization and marketization are indeed becoming increasingly widespread, then this implies that there is a requirement for English speakers generally not only to deal with, and respond to, this increasingly marketized and informal English, but also to become involved in the process. For example, people may feel that they need to use English in new ways to sell themselves in order to gain employment. Or they may need to learn new linguistic strategies to keep the jobs they already haveto talk to the public, for instance. In other words, they have to become producers of promotional texts. This can have consequences for the ways in which people see themselves.(Sharon Goodman, Market Forces Speak English. Redesigning English: New Texts, New Identities. Routledge, 1996) The Engineering of Informality in Conversationalization and Personalization [Norman] Fairclough suggests that the engineering of informality (1996) has two overlapping strands: conversationalization and personalization. Conversationalizationas the term impliesinvolves the spread into the public domain of linguistic features generally associated with conversation. It is usually associated with personalization: the construction of a personal relationship between the producers and receivers of public discourse. Fairclough is ambivalent toward informalization. On the positive side, it might be viewed as part of the process of cultural democratization, an opening up of the elite and exclusive traditions of the public domain to discursive practices which we can all attain (1995: 138). To counterbalance this positive reading of informalization, Fairclough points out that the textual manifestation of personality in a public, mass media text must always be artificial. He claims that this sort of synthetic personalization only simulates solidarity, and is a strategy o f containment hiding coercion and manipulation under a veneer of equality. (Michael Pearce, The Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies. Routledge, 2007) Media Language Informalization and colloquialization have been well documented in the language of the media. In news reportage, for example, the past three decades have seen a definite trend away from the cool distancing of traditional written style and towards a kind of spontaneous directness which (though often contrived) is clearly supposed to inject into journalistic discourse some of the immediacy of oral communication. Such developments have been quantified in textual analysis; for instance, a recent corpus-based study of editorials in the British quality press in the twentieth century (Westin 2002) shows informalization as a trend persisting through the twentieth century, and accelerating towards its end. (Geoffrey Leech, Marianne Hundt, Christian Mair, and Nicholas Smith, Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study. Cambridge University Press, 2010)In an experimental study, Sanders and Redeker (1993) found that readers appreciated news texts with inserted free indirect thoughts as m ore lively and suspenseful than text without such elements, but at the same time evaluated them as less suitable for the news text genre (Sanders and Redeker 1993). . . . Pearce (2005) points out that public discourse, such as news texts and political texts, is influenced by a general trend towards informalization. Characteristics include, in Pearces view, personalization and conversationalization; linguistic markers of these concepts have become more frequent in news texts over the last fifty years (Vis, Sanders Spooren, 2009). (Josà © Sanders, Intertwined Voices: Journalists Modes of Representing Source Information in Journalistic Subgenres. Textual Choices in Discourse: A View from Cognitive Linguistics, ed. by Barbara Dancygier, Josà © Sanders, Lieven Vandelanotte. John Benjamins, 2012)

Biography of Dorothy Vaughan, Groundbreaking NASA Mathematician

Biography of Dorothy Vaughan, Groundbreaking NASA Mathematician Dorothy Vaughan (September 20, 1910 – November 10, 2008) was an African American mathematician and computer. In her time working for NASA, she became the first African American woman to hold a supervisory position and helped the institution transition to computer programming. Fast Facts: Dorothy Vaughan Full Name: Dorothy Johnson VaughanOccupation: Mathematician and computer programmerBorn: September 20, 1910 in  Kansas City, MissouriDied: November 10, 2008 in Hampton,  VirginiaParents: Leonard and Annie JohnsonSpouse: Howard Vaughan (m. 1932); they had six childrenEducation: Wilberforce University, B.A. in mathematics Early Life Dorothy Vaughan was born in Kansas City, Missouri, the daughter of Leonard and Annie Johnson. The Johnson family soon moved to Morgantown, West Virginia, where they stayed throughout Dorothy’s childhood. She quickly proved to be a talented student, graduating early from high school at the age of 15 as her graduating class’ valedictorian. At Wilberforce University, a historically black college in Ohio, Vaughan studied mathematics. Her tuition was covered by a full-ride scholarship from the West Virginia Conference of the A.M.E. Sunday School Convention. She graduated with her bachelor’s degree in 1929, only 19 years old, cum laude. Three years later, she married Howard Vaughan, and the couple moved to Virginia, where they initially lived with Howard’s wealthy and well-respected family. From Teacher to Computer Although Vaughan was encouraged by her professors at Wilberforce to go to graduate school at Howard University, she declined, instead taking a job at Robert Russa Moton High School in Farmville, Virginia, so that she could help support her family during the Great Depression. During this time, she and her husband Howard had six children: two daughters and four sons. Her position and education placed her as an admired leader in her community. Dorothy Vaughan taught high school for 14 years during the era of racially segregated education. In 1943, during World War II, she took a job at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA, the predecessor to NASA) as a computer. NACA and the rest of the federal agencies had technically desegregated in 1941 by executive order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Vaughan was assigned to the West Area Computing group at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. Despite women of color being recruited actively, they were still segregated into groups separate from their white counterparts.   Nasa.gov The computing group consisted of expert female mathematicians who dealt with complex mathematical calculations, nearly all done by hand. During the war, their work was connected to the war effort, since the government firmly believed that the war would be won on the strength of air forces. The scope of activity at NACA expanded considerably after WWII ended and the space program began in earnest. For the most part, their work involved reading data, analyzing it, and plotting it for use by the scientists and engineers. Although the women- both white and black- often held degrees similar to (or even more advanced than) the men who worked at NASA, they were only hired for lower positions and pay. Women could not be hired as engineers. Supervisor and Innovator In 1949, Dorothy Vaughan was assigned to supervise the West Area Computers, but not in an official supervisory role. Instead, she was given the role as acting head of the group (after their previous supervisor, a white woman, died). This meant the job didn’t come with the expected title and pay bump. It took several years and advocating for herself before she was finally given the role of supervisor in an official capacity and the benefits that came with it. Vaughan did not just advocate for herself, but also worked hard to advocate for more opportunities for women. Her intention was not just to help her West Computing colleagues, but women across the organization, including white women. Eventually, her expertise came to be highly valued by the engineers at NASA, who relied heavily on her recommendations to match projects with the computers whose skills aligned best. In 1958, NACA became NASA and segregated facilities were completely and finally abolished. Vaughan worked in the Numerical Techniques division and, in 1961, shifted her focus to the new frontier of electronic computing. She figured out, earlier than many others, that electronic computers were going to be the future, so she set out to make sure she- and the women in her group- were prepared. During her time at NASA, Vaughan also contributed directly to projects on the space program with her work on the Scout Launch Vehicle Program, a particular type of rocket designed to launch small satellites into orbit around the Earth. Vaughan taught herself the programming language FORTRAN that was used for early computing, and from there, she taught it to many of her colleagues so they would be prepared for the inevitable transition away from manual computing and towards electronics. Eventually, she and several of her West Area Computing colleagues joined the newly formed Analysis and Computation Division, a race- and gender-integrated group working to expand the horizons of electronic computing. Although she tried to receive another management position, she was never granted one again. Photographs from Dorothy Vaughans retirement party. Vaughan retired from NASA in 1971.   Courtesy Vaughan Family /  Nasa.gov Later Life and Legacy Dorothy Vaughan worked at Langley for 28 years while raising six children (one of whom followed in her footsteps and worked at NASA’s Langley facility). In 1971, Vaughan finally retired at the age of 71. She continued to be active in her community and her church throughout retirement, but lived a fairly quiet life. Vaughan died on November 10, 2008 at the age of 98, less than a week after the election of America’s first black president, Barack Obama. Vaughan’s story came to public attention in 2016, when Margot Lee Shetterly published her nonfiction book Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race. The book was made into a popular feature film, Hidden Figures, which was nominated for Best Picture at the 2017 Academy Awards and won the 2017 Screen Actors Guild Award for best ensemble (the guild’s equivalent of a best picture award). Vaughan is one of the three main characters in the film, along with colleagues Katherine Johnson and Mary Jackson. She’s portrayed by Oscar-winning actress Octavia Spencer. Sources Dorothy Vaughan. Encyclopaedia Britannica.Shetterly, Margot Lee. Dorothy Vaughan Biography. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Shetterly, Margot Lee. Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race. William Morrow Company, 2016.

The Economy, Monetary Policy, and Monopolies Essay - 3

The Economy, Monetary Policy, and Monopolies - Essay Example ming more expensive, the dampening of consumer demand for loan products such as mortgages as well as affecting the prices of residential real estate negatively. The rise in interest rates in the last five years can be attributed to the fall or rise of the money in circulation which has been common in the United States in the recent years. Increases rates have, in turn, led to inflation in the economy (O’Sullivan, Sheffrin and Prerez, 82). Looking at the United States economic situation in the last five years in terms of inflation, interest rate and employment, questions have to be raised on what has been referred as the ‘greatest economy’. In the last five years, the interest rates in the USA have gone so low and this can be seen in the spike of the houses on sale. This condition has led to federal budget balance weakening to an extent that has never been witnessed for decades. This implies that the economy of the nation is completely off track. The rate of unemployment has rises from 4.5 % in 2007 and is now at 8.1 % (O’Sullivan, Sheffrin and Prerez, 78). High employment rates is one of the major indicators of how any economy is fairing and with the number of people actively looking for jobs increasing in the United States, the economy can be viewed as attenuating. This means that even businesses have lost the confidence of hiring employees again. In an effort to create more employment opportunities, the federal government permitted rapid credit expansion. This led to the central bank to adjust its monitory policy following increased inflation at that time. This effort slowed the money supply growth thus checking on the unemployment levels. The other step by the federal government to check on unemployment rates was through the introduction of a fiscal policy that was intended to stabilize the economy (Beardon, 18). The policy achieved this through cutting down on taxes as well as increasing spending. The policy also impacted the interest rates and the

Analysis of Cloud HR Solutions for SMEs in Hong Kong Dissertation

Analysis of Cloud HR Solutions for SMEs in Hong Kong - Dissertation Example Cloud solutions have brought significant changes in the manner in which organizations run their applications and store their data from the conventional desktop network into servers which can be accessed remotely through the internet. Cloud solutions are technological revolutions which have a considerable effect on all the areas of IT industry as they allow companies to access applications and information at any time from any location all over the globe. Based on this dramatic change of technology, the present research seeks to investigate the aspects that impact the adoption of solutions based on cloud services by SMEs in Hong Kong. It has been noted that numerous studies or empirical researchers have focused on the global market, bigger enterprise as well as industry leaders; however, this paper will concentrate on SME instead of bigger organizations since the constraints they face differ from those of bigger businesses. Approximately 320,000 SME exist in Hong Kong and they have employed more than one million people accounting for forty-seven percent of the total employment when civil servants are not considered. In the globalized and competitive world, this study seeks to provide a platform for HR practitioners as well as business owners to appreciate the manner in which their companies achieve their HR goals, hire and motivate their workers along with how they manage staff performance, training, and organizational changes through the HR solutions already in existence to embrace cloud technologies so that the companies can be more competitive.

Army Values Essay Example for Free

Army Values Essay In the US Army we are taught to live up by the 7 ARmy Values. They are broken down to us in the acronym LDRSHIP. Loyalty Bear true faith and allegiance to the U.S Constitution, the Army and other soldiers. Duty Fulfill your obligations. Respect Treat people as they should be treated. Selfless Service Put the welfare of the nation, the Army and your subordinates above your own. Honor Live up to the army values. Integrity Do whats right legally and morally. and Personal Courage Face fear, danger or adversity (physical or moral). All 7 values have an impact on each other, and are integral part of ones moral standing. In my personal opinion, Loyalty means being a person that other’s can count on. That when the time comes, you will be there to do what needs to be done. You will be true and faithful to them no matter the outcome. If that loyalty is not observed by both parties involved however, then that sense of loyalty may eventually change or even fade. Duty to me is accomplishing a task that needs to be done, no matter how much you’d rather be doing something else. Whether you love it or hate it. The task is there to be done. If one does not fulfill their duties on a regular basis, then those around them have to pick up the slack, and any sense of loyalty begins to become tarnished. Everyone wants to be respected. It’s in our nature, but in order to obtain respect, first of all†¦.one has to respect oneself. Second, one has to show respect to others in order to gain respect from them. If one doesn’t show respect to someone, that person may often feel slighted and lose.

Romeo and Juliet: The Movie Essay examples -- Movie Film comparison co

  Ã‚  Ã‚   William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is fully summarized in Shakespeare's prologue:   "Two households, both alike in dignity, in fair Verona where we lay our scene.   From ancient grudge break to new mutiny where civil blood make civil hands unclean.   From forth the fatal loins of these two foes, a pair of star crossed lovers who take their life" (Universal, 1996).   This movie is a masterful culmination of the director's phenomenal ability to create a powerful introduction, to select a realistic, but surreal setting, to choose realistic actors, and to enact specialized dramatic effects.   Sitting in the theater, watching this movie for the first time, I heard static break in to interrupt the beginning credits.   A newscaster, sounding serious, came on the screen in a special report.   I sat up to pay attention.   She was reporting a tragedy that had recently happened in some place called Verona.   I was pulled in thinking it to be a true special report.   Ah-hah!!   It was a trick.   A trick to get people to do just what I did.   Trained are we to listen to newscasts, our life-line in present day society, where we receive a lot of our information.   A trick, and I fell for it--so did everyone else--how clever.   Then the sound of crying, chorusing angels screaming angry chants echoed around the theater (great surround sound effect).   Images (clips from the movie) flashed sporadically on the screen.   A dark, sinister voice retold Shakespeare's prologue given in the telecast moments before.   The angels were still screaming, and then, sil ence.   A big truck flashed on the screen and gave a hearty engine growl.   The truck sped loudly down the road.   Stringy electric guitars and booming drums thump a loud vengeful beat.   The Montague bo... ...that I know would make Shakespeare himself blush to see how his story has touched so many, so positively in the near twenty-first century. Works Cited Streisand, Betsy.   "Looking for Mr. Good Bard this fall."   U.S. News and World Report.   11 Nov. 1996.   <http:Hcallisto.gsu.edu:4000/CGI:html> (5 May 1997). Lyons, Donald.   "Lights, Camera, Shakespeare."   Commentary.   Feb. 1997.   <http://callisto.gsu.edu:4000/CGI:html> (5 May 1997). Rozen, Leah.   "William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet."   People Weekly.   11 Nov. 1996.   <http://callisto.gsu.edu:4000/CGI:html> (5 May 1997). Johnson, Brian D.   "Souping up the Bard."   Maclean's.   11 Nov. 1996.   <http:Hcallisto.gsu.edu:4000/CGI:html> (5 May 1997). Luhrmann, Baz, dir.   William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet.   With Leonardo DiCaprio and Clare Danes.   Universal Pictures Production, 1960.

Being Bilingual: Important Skill in a Globalized World Essay

Have you ever thought of learning a new language, and ever wondered what advantages this would give you? Maybe you have never asked these types of questions before, since you didn’t need to speak another language than your native. Today, being bilingual has become popular, but this is a necessity. In this globalizing world, speaking more than one language makes people more productive. Researchers say that there are advantages to being bilingual. These advantages can be reflected in your work, health, and social life. One advantage of being bilingual is reflected at work. Now, the unemployment rate is really high, so it is a good idea to increase skills by learning a new language. It is known that being bilingual increase job opportunities. For example, more of the United States’ population speaks English and Spanish. This causes an important change in the way companies hire their employees; consequently, one of the requirements is being bilingual. This requirement is important to companies because communication with people that surround the market open the possibility of new customers which means profits rise. At the same time, salary also increases when the employee has the ability to communicate in different language other than English. This is a good reason to be bilingual. Another advantage is seen in your health. Research has shown that being bilingual improves brain health. A person who speaks two languages makes the brain work harder than a person who only speaks one language. This ability raises cognitive skills not related to language and even resists Alzheimer’s disease. As an example, speaking two languages is like exercising the brain and making it strong. In other words, a bilingual person has a working and healthy brain. Finally, a bilingual person is benefited in his social life because he has the opportunity to communicate with people in a different way. Currently, we are able to travel around the world. For example, a tourist visits Mexico where people speak Spanish. If the tourist is bilingual, he will have an easy and pleasant trip and will enjoy and understand that culture. For this reason, it is important the communication even when is not in native language. Communication is the key to understand and enjoy the culture diversity which is necessary for a pleasant social life. In conclusion, being bilingual is a skill that can be consider as necessary because this benefits you in your work, health, and your social life. The world is becoming more and more integrated, so having a second language is going to become more common. If you learn a new language, you will help your brain to be healthy, while you have better opportunities in your professional life.

Synthesis of Salicylic Acid

Synthesis of Salicylic Acid from Wintergreen Oil Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to take methyl salicylate (wintergreen oil) and by heating it under reflux with NaOH as a solvent, and then cooling the mixture with H2SO4 as another solvent, synthesize salicylic acid. The final step involves purify the product to produce as pure a sample of salicylic acid as possible. This process allowed for the successful production of 1. 406g salicylic acid, an 82. 70% yield. The NMR and IR both produced images that correlate with the known spectrums indicating a pure product.The melting point range was slightly wider, though did encompass the accepted melting point values. Discussion: Reaction OH O OCH3 2) H2SO4 1) 2NaOH OH O OH 1. 595 ml methyl salicylate is reacted with sodium hydroxide by heating it under reflux. The sodium ions knock the methyl group from the methyl salicylate due to the greater attraction between the sodium cation and the slightly negative charge on the oxygen comp ared to the O-CH3 bond that had previously existed. This reaction produces disodium salicylic acid, methyl hydroxide and water molecules.The sodium crystals that form are visible as the white particulate matter seen as soon as the two chemicals are mixed. Heating of the substance under reflux increased the reaction rate as did the use of the solvent to increase the frequency of molecules being ripped off the original substance and sucking them into their new molecular formations. At this point the wintergreen smell has disappeared from the mixture indicating a rapid decline in the amount of methyl salicylate present in the reaction. When the sulfuric acid (pH ~. ) is added to the disodium salicylic acid (pH ~5-6), the two sodium atoms are replaced by hydrogen atoms creating salicylic acid and sodium sulfate and lower the pH of the solution to 2. The sodium cations are now more attracted to the slightly negative charge on the two oxygen anions on the SO42- ions than to the disodium s alicylic acid and the hydrogens take their place. The ice bath kept the temperature low enough that the salicylic acid remained solid and the sulfuric acid components liquid, allowing for a final product with the most purity possible.Determining limiting reagent: 1. 595 ? 15. 0 ? Amount of methyl salicylate used: 1 Amount of sodium hydroxide: 2. 13 g 1. 174 Theoretical yield: Actual yield: 1. 406 g Percent yield = 1. 873 ? 1. 406 ? 1. 700 Melting point range of purified product 150-162Â °C Mixed melting point range with salicylic acid: 153-160Â °C The melting point range of the synthetic salicylic acid includes the textbook value of 159Â °C.Although a greater variance was seen with the synthetic salicylic acid melting point range (range=12Â °C) versus the provided salicylic acid (range=7Â °C), the full range of the provided salicylic acid fell within the range of the synthetic salicylic acid, indicating a relatively pure product. It should be noted that optimally t he melting point range should be slightly narrower. Loss of product occurred due to loss at each transfer step including, crystals stuck to the vacuum filter, crystals sticking to the glass stir rod for pH testing as well as the metal spatula used for recrystallization.While washing the crystals, some loss would also be seen due to the slight solubility of salicylic acid. I R: 10 0 = 8 2. 7 0% (138. 1 / ) = 1. 700 (152. 1 / ) 1 = 31. 95 NaOH = 1. 873 ***limiting reagent*** PE A K # 1 2 3 4 5 POSITION (cm-1) 748. 245 1204. 33 1654. 62 2850. 27 3235. 00 BOND (MODE) C-H bend (aromatic) C-O stretch C=O stretch O-H stretch (carboxylic) O-H stretch (on phenol) ASSIGNMENT 1 2 3 4 5 3 2 1 4 1 1 5 NMR Chemical Shift (ppm) 10. 5 8. 0 7. 5 6. 9 Integration 2 1 1 2 Multiplicity/splitting Singlet Doublet Triplet Triplet Assignment 1 2 3 4 3 4 1 4 2 1 NMR Discussion: Assignment 1: The singlet peak is located at 10. 5 ppm and is assigned to the hydrogens bonded to the two single bonded oxygens. These two can share this single peak because the hydrogens are constantly swapping places with each other due to their position within the molecular structure and if the NMR was magnified, two peaks could be seen.Assignment 2: The peak located at 8. 0 ppm is a doublet peak assigned to the hydrogen bonded to carbon on the aromatic ring closest to the carboxylic group. It is shifted . 5-. 6 ppm downfield of where hydrogens on a benzene ring would normally appear due to de-shielding by the nearby carboxyl group. Assignment 3: The 7. 5 ppm triplet peak is indicative of the hydrogen bonded to carbon on the aromatic ring closest to the phenol group, again due to de-shielding by the nearby phenol group.The extra peak is likely due to the interaction of the O-H bond with the C-H bond. Assignment 4: 6. 9 ppm has a triplet peak and is assigned to the two remaining C-H bonds on the aromatic ring. Conclusion: The final product was created by taking advantage of the electron affinity a nd nucleophilic properties of the chemicals and especially the solvents to create transition states to allow for a faster, more stable reaction. Heating of the substance under reflux also increased the reaction rate.The melting point range contains the textbook value of salicylic acid and the IR and NMR matches the known IR/NMR for salicylic acid. This supports the purity of the substance created. The absence of the wintergreen scent indicates an absence of the methyl salicylate. After completion of this experimental process, 1. 406 g of salicylic acid was created from the initial 1. 595 g methyl salicylate which equates to an 82. 70% yield, a successful result.

Historical Timeline of the Animal Rights Movement

Historical Timeline of the Animal Rights Movement This timeline is an overview of some of the major events in the modern animal rights movement. Concern for animal suffering is not a new or modern idea. The ancient Hindu and Buddhist scriptures advocate a vegetarian diet for ethical reasons. The ideology has evolved continuously over millennia, but many animal activists point to the publication of â€Å"Animal Liberation† in 1975 as the catalyst for the modern American animal rights movement. Early Events and Legislation 1635: First known animal protection legislation passes, in Ireland, An Act against plowing by the tayle, and pulling the wooll off living sheep.   1641: The Massachusetts colonys Body of Liberties includes regulations against Tirranny or Crueltie towards animals. 1687: Japan reintroduces a ban on eating meat and killing animals.   1780: English philosopher Jeremy Bentham argues for better treatment of animals. 19th Century 1822: British Parliament passes Act to Prevent the Cruel and Improper Treatment of Cattle. 1824: The first Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is founded in England, by Richard Martin, Arthur Broome, and William Wilberforce. 1835: The first Cruelty to Animal Acts is passed in Britain.   1866: The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is founded by New Yorker  Henry Bergh. 1875: The National Anti-Vivisection Society is established in Britain by Frances Power Cobbe.   1892: English social reformer Henry Stephens Salt publishes Animals Rights: Considered in Relation to Social Progress. 20th Century 1944: English animal rights advocate Donald Watson founds the Vegan Society in Britain.   1975:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Animal Liberation,† by philosopher Peter Singer is published. 1979:  Ã‚  Animal Legal Defense Fund is established, and National Anti-Vivisection Society establishes World Lab Animal Day, on April 24. The day has evolved into World Laboratory Animal Week. 1980:  People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is founded and â€Å"Animal Factories† by attorney Jim Mason and philosopher Peter Singer is published. 1981:  Farm Animal Reform Movement is officially founded. 1983:  Farm Animal Reform Movement establishes World Farm Animals Day on October 2 and â€Å"The Case for Animal Rights,† by philosopher Tom Regan is published. 1985:  The first annual Great American Meatout is organized by Farm Animal Reform Movement. 1986:  Fur Free Friday, an annual nation-wide fur protest on the day after Thanksgiving, begins; and  Farm Sanctuary is founded. 1987:  California high school student Jennifer Graham makes national headlines when she refuses to dissect a frog and  Diet for a New America by John Robbins is published. 1989:  Avon stops testing their products on animals, and  In Defense of Animals launches their campaign against Proctor Gamble’s animal testing. 1990:  Revlon stops testing their products on animals. 1992:  Animal Enterprise Protection Act is passed. 1993:  General Motors stops using live animals in crash tests and  The Great Ape Project is founded by Peter Singer and Paola Cavalieri. 1994:  Tyke the elephant goes on a rampage, killing her trainer and escaping from the circus before being gunned down by police. 1995: Compassion Over Killing is founded by Erica Meier. 1996:  Vegetarian activist and former cattle rancher Howard Lyman appears on Oprah Winfrey’s talk show, leading to a defamation lawsuit filed by Texas Cattlemen. 1997:  PETA releases an undercover video showing animal abuse by Huntington Life Sciences. 1998:  A jury finds in favor of Lyman and Winfrey in the defamation lawsuit filed by Texas Cattlemen, and an investigation by The Humane Society of the US reveals that Burlington Coat Factory is selling products made from dog and cat fur. 21st Century 2001: Compassion Over Killing conducts an open rescue at a battery hen facility, documenting abuses and rescuing eight hens. 2002:  Dominion by Matthew Scully is published, and  McDonald’s settles a class-action lawsuit over their non-vegetarian french fries. 2004:  Clothing chain Forever 21 promises to stop selling fur. 2005:  The US Congress pulls funding for inspections of horse meat. 2006:  The SHAC 7 are convicted under the Animal Enterprise Protection Act;  Animal Enterprise Terrorism Act is passed, and an investigation by the Humane Society of the US reveals that items labeled as â€Å"faux† fur at Burlington Coat Factory are made of real fur. 2007:  Horse slaughter ends in the United States, but live horses continue to be exported for slaughter,  Barbaro dies at the Preakness. 2009:  The European Union bans cosmetics testing and bans the sale or import of seal products. 2010:  A killer whale at SeaWorld kills his trainer, Dawn Brancheau.  SeaWorld is  fined $70,000  by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.   2011:  National Institute of Health stops funding of new experiments on chimpanzees;  President Obama and Congress legalize horse slaughter for human consumption in the US. As of spring of 2014, no horse slaughterhouses have opened. 2012:  Iowa passes the nations fourth ag-gag law;  An international convention of neuroscientists declares that non-human animals have consciousness. The declarations main author goes vegan. The Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness is published in Britain, which states that many nonhuman animals possess the neurological structures to generate consciousness.   2013:  The documentary Blackfish reaches a mass audience, causing widespread  public criticism of SeaWorld. 2014: India bans cosmetic testing on animals, the first Asian country to do so. 2015-2016: SeaWorld announces it will end its controversial orca shows and breeding program.   2017: The Appropriations Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives  votes  27 to 25 in favor of re-opening the practice of horse slaughter. Doris Lin, Esq.  is an animal rights attorney and Director of Legal Affairs for the Animal Protection League of NJ.

Few vs. Several

Few vs. Several Few vs. Several Few vs. Several By Maeve Maddox Reader Norma H. Flaskerud wonders about few and several. She thinks a few refers to maybe 2-3 items while several refers to maybe 3-6. Her husband says a few is 4-7 items. Few is the opposite of many. It derives from words having the meaning of small and little. It is related to Latin paucus (little, few) and even puer (child/boy). Old English feawe/fea derives from a Germanic root meaning little. The number implied in the word few is more than two, Beyond that, trying to specify how many more is fruitless. I expect the New Testament writer was anticipating more than 2-7 converts when writing: Many are called, but few are chosen. In 1940 Winston Churchill was referring to the pilots of the Royal Air Force when he wrote: Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few. The Few became a name for this group of fliers: 2,353 British subjects and 574 volunteers from overseas. Several comes from a word meaning existing apart. Before it came to mean more than one (about 1530), it was used with the meanings separate, various, diverse, different. In legal use several preserves the meaning of separate. In the following example it is used to show that liability is enforceable separately against each party the contractual liability of each company to insured is several and not joint In keeping with its original meaning, several may be used to separate one group from another: A large crowd of soldiers gathered to protest the law. Several were women. The word several, usually an adjective or pronoun, has also been used as a verb. A farmer or community would several a large expanse of land into smaller parcels. It would seem that few and several can imply any number you want them to. By the way, in checking the Churchill quotation, I re-read the speech in which it appears. Its worth the time of any writer who is looking for models of beautifully-written English prose. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should KnowHow to spell "in lieu of"Word Count and Book Length

Management Information Systems of TESCO Assignment

Management Information Systems of TESCO - Assignment Example Tesco is a huge British retailer having a strong business operation around the globe. It is considered the third largest retailer globally based upon the revenue that it generates. It was started in the year 1919 by Jack Cohen as a simplified grocery store until 1924 when the Tesco brand was initially launched in 1924. Its first store was opened up in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgware, Middlesex. In 1947, it was introduced into the London Stock Exchange and made public and this floatation started the great success story of Tesco plc which has now emerged as one of the tops most renowned supermarket chain is not just the United Kingdom but the entire world. The first supermarket under the name of Tesco was opened in 1956 in Maldon. Since that time period, the company has operated such smoothly that it has created standards and is nowadays considered as a benchmark for many of its industry competitors. Over the years, the company took over many other supermarkets to make itself a leader in th e United Kingdom region (TESCO 2010). The immediate business environment of firms producing similar goods is called the industry. Microenvironment considers factors which are within the industry. The supermarket industry requires huge capital investment but that alone cannot be used as a barrier to entry. Competitors usually respond by counter-attacking to new entrants. Wal-Mart planned to open 4 small-format grocery stores in Arizona in response to TESCO’s entry to the U.S.A with their Fresh and Easy format. This threat is across or within an industry, close substitutes reduce the profit margin of the competitors e.g. Petrol for Diesel, etc. TESCO has many different competitors which can pose such threat to them, like Sainsbury in the UK, Trader Joe’s in the U.S.A alongside Wal-Mart.  

Personal Experience at Alcoholics Anonumous Term Paper

Personal Experience at Alcoholics Anonumous - Term Paper Example This was accomplished by having the attendees share their unique stories about how alcoholism had affected their lives, opening the door for other group participants to offer either condolences or shared sympathy. Throughout the meeting, elements of altruism were present, which is giving members a sense of self esteem by allowing others to offer their help and/or opinion for those who were obviously troubled by alcoholism and how it had caused dishonor at the personal or family level (hanbleceya.com, n.d.). Individuals shared stories about being put before the court system in front of their peers and felt indignity or how they had lashed out at their children while under the influence of alcohol. This shared forum seemed to give the more troubled participants a sense of honor and self-respect rather than embarrassment. Development of socializing techniques were also part of the group curriculum, which was apparent by drawing out discussion from those that were more reserved about sharing their stories. This technique involves â€Å"creating an environment that fosters adaptive and effective communication† (agpa.org, 2007, para.5). There were at least two people that the researcher could recognize, through body language and more reserved behaviors, that they did not want to be attending the group meeting. The leader forced social discussion from these individuals and remind them that the goal of the meeting was to promote inclusion rather than segregation. Imitative behavior was part of this philosophy by finding confidence to share openly by modeling support from their peers. With this also came cohesiveness as on several occasions the leader reminded the group that they were accepted and their value justified as worthwhile human beings. Several individuals showed signs of catharsis, relief of their own feelings of guilt regarding how alcoholism had